Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov yas tuaj yeem taug qab mus rau nruab nrab-19th.Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, txhawm rau ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev lag luam textile booming hauv UK, chemists tau sib xyaw cov tshuaj sib txawv ua ke, vam tias yuav ua tshuaj dawb thiab zas xim.Chemists tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyiam cov thee tar, uas yog curd-zoo li pov tseg condensed nyob rau hauv lub Hoobkas chimneys fueled los ntawm natural gas.

William Henry Platinum, tus kws pab kuaj mob ntawm Royal Institute of Chemistry hauv London, yog ib tug ntawm cov neeg uas tau ua qhov kev sim no.Muaj ib hnub, thaum platinum tab tom so cov tshuaj reagents spilled ntawm lub rooj ntev zaum hauv chav kuaj, nws tau pom tias cov ntaub qhwv tau dyed rau hauv lavender uas tsis tshua pom thaum lub sijhawm.Qhov kev tshwm sim no ua rau platinum nkag mus rau hauv kev lag luam dyeing thiab nws thiaj li dhau los ua ib tus neeg nplua nuj.
Txawm hais tias qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm platinum tsis yog yas, qhov kev tshawb pom tsis zoo no yog qhov tseem ceeb vim nws qhia tau tias tib neeg tsim cov tebchaw tuaj yeem tau los ntawm kev tswj hwm cov khoom siv organic.Cov neeg tsim khoom tau pom tau tias ntau yam khoom siv ntuj xws li ntoo, amber, roj hmab, thiab iav yog qhov tsawg dhau los yog kim dhau los yog tsis haum rau kev tsim khoom loj vim tias lawv kim dhau los yog tsis txaus hloov pauv.Cov khoom siv hluavtaws yog cov khoom siv zoo tagnrho.Nws tuaj yeem hloov cov duab nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias, thiab nws tuaj yeem tswj cov duab tom qab txias.
Colin Williamson, tus tsim ntawm London Society for the History of Plastics, tau hais tias: "Lub sijhawm ntawd, tib neeg tau ntsib nrog kev nrhiav lwm txoj hauv kev pheej yig thiab yooj yim hloov pauv."
Tom qab platinum, lwm tus neeg Askiv, Alexander Parks, sib tov chloroform nrog castor roj kom tau ib yam khoom hnyav li tsiaj antlers.Qhov no yog thawj cov yas yas.Cov chaw ua si cia siab tias yuav siv cov yas no los hloov cov roj hmab uas tsis tuaj yeem siv dav vim yog cog, sau qoob, thiab ua cov nqi.
New Yorker John Wesley Hyatt, tus kws ntaus hlau, sim ua cov pob billiard nrog cov khoom siv dag zog es tsis txhob cov pob billiard ua los ntawm cov kaus ntxhw.Txawm hais tias nws tsis daws qhov teeb meem no, nws pom tias los ntawm kev sib xyaw camphor nrog qee qhov hnyav, cov khoom uas tuaj yeem hloov cov duab tom qab cua sov tuaj yeem tau txais.Hyatt hu cov khoom siv celluloid no.Cov yas tshiab no muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm loj los ntawm cov tshuab thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis muaj peev xwm.Nws coj mus rau kev lag luam zaj duab xis muaj zog thiab hloov tau cov ntaub ntawv pob tshab uas tuaj yeem tsim cov duab rau ntawm phab ntsa.
Celluloid kuj txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam cov ntaub ntawv hauv tsev, thiab nws thiaj li hloov cov ntaub ntawv cylindrical thaum ntxov.Cov yas tom qab tuaj yeem siv los ua cov ntaub ntawv yas thiab cov kab xev;Thaum kawg, polycarbonate yog siv los ua compact discs.
Celluloid ua rau kev yees duab ua haujlwm nrog kev lag luam dav.Ua ntej George Eastman tau tsim cov celluloid, kev yees duab yog ib qho kev nyiam uas kim thiab cumbersome vim tias tus kws yees duab yuav tsum tau tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab nws tus kheej.Eastman tuaj nrog lub tswv yim tshiab: tus neeg siv khoom xa cov yeeb yaj kiab tiav mus rau lub khw nws qhib, thiab nws tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab rau cov neeg siv khoom.Celluloid yog thawj cov ntaub ntawv pob tshab uas tuaj yeem ua rau hauv daim ntawv nyias thiab tuaj yeem dov mus rau hauv lub koob yees duab.
Thaum txog lub sijhawm no, Eastman tau ntsib ib tug hluas Belgian neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw, Leo Beckeland.Baekeland nrhiav tau ib hom ntawv luam ntawv uas tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau lub teeb.Eastman yuav Beckland qhov kev tsim kho rau 750,000 US las (sib npaug li tam sim no 2.5 lab US las).Nrog cov nyiaj ntawm tes, Baekeland tau tsim ib chav kuaj.Thiab nyob rau hauv 1907 invented phenolic yas.
Cov khoom tshiab no tau ua tiav zoo.Cov khoom ua los ntawm phenolic yas muaj xws li xov tooj, insulated cables, nyees khawm, aircraft propellers, thiab billiard pob uas zoo heev.
Parker Pen Company ua ntau yam cwj mem tawm ntawm phenolic yas.Txhawm rau ua pov thawj qhov muaj zog ntawm phenolic plastics, lub tuam txhab tau ua qauv qhia rau pej xeem thiab poob tus cwj mem los ntawm cov tsev siab siab."Lub Sijhawm" magazine mob siab rau ib daim ntawv npog los qhia tus neeg tsim khoom ntawm phenolic yas thiab cov khoom siv no uas tuaj yeem "siv ntau txhiab zaus"
Ob peb xyoos tom qab, DuPont lub chaw soj nstuam kuj tau ua rau lwm qhov yuam kev: nws tau ua nylon, ib yam khoom hu ua paj ntaub.Xyoo 1930, Wallace Carothers, tus kws tshawb fawb ua haujlwm hauv DuPont lub chaw soj nstuam, muab tso rau hauv ib lub iav rhawv rau hauv cov khoom siv molecular ntev thiab tau txais cov khoom siv elastic heev.Txawm hais tias cov khaub ncaws ua los ntawm nylon thaum ntxov melted nyob rau hauv lub siab kub ntawm cov hlau, nws inventor Carothers txuas ntxiv mus tshawb fawb.Txog yim xyoo tom qab, DuPont tau qhia txog nylon.
Nylon tau dav siv nyob rau hauv lub teb, parachutes thiab shoelaces tag nrho yog ua los ntawm nylon.Tab sis cov poj niam yog txaus siab rau cov neeg siv nylon.Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 15, 1940, cov poj niam Asmeskas tau muag 5 lab khub nylon stockings uas tsim los ntawm DuPont.Nylon stockings nyob rau hauv luv luv, thiab qee cov neeg ua lag luam tau pib ua txuj ua nylon stockings.
Tab sis zaj dab neeg ua tiav ntawm nylon muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg: nws tus neeg tsim khoom, Carothers, tau tua tus kheej los ntawm kev noj cyanide.Steven Finnichell, tus sau phau ntawv "Plastic", tau hais tias: "Kuv tau txais kev tshoov siab tom qab nyeem Carothers' diary: Carothers tau hais tias cov ntaub ntawv uas nws tsim tau siv los tsim cov poj niam hnav.Cov thom khwm muaj kev ntxhov siab heev.Nws yog ib tug kws tshawb fawb, uas ua rau nws xav tsis thoob. "Nws xav tias tib neeg yuav xav tias nws qhov kev ua tiav tseem ceeb yog tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li kev tsim "cov khoom lag luam zoo ib yam."
Thaum DuPont tau txaus siab los ntawm nws cov khoom tau nyiam los ntawm tib neeg.Cov neeg Askiv tau pom ntau yam kev siv cov yas hauv kev ua tub rog thaum ua tsov rog.Qhov kev tshawb pom no tau ua los ntawm kev sib tsoo.Cov kws tshawb fawb hauv lub chaw soj nstuam ntawm Royal Chemical Industry Corporation ntawm United Kingdom tau ua qhov kev sim uas tsis muaj dab tsi ua nrog qhov no, thiab pom tias muaj ib qho dawb waxy precipitate nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub raj kuaj.Tom qab kev kuaj sim, nws tau pom tias cov khoom no yog cov khoom siv insulating zoo heev.Nws cov yam ntxwv txawv ntawm iav, thiab radar tsis tuaj yeem hla nws.Cov kws tshawb fawb hu ua polyethylene, thiab siv nws los tsim ib lub tsev rau radar chaw nres tsheb kom ntes cua thiab nag, kom lub radar tseem tuaj yeem ntes cov yeeb ncuab dav hlau hauv qab nag thiab huab cua.
Williamson ntawm Lub Koom Haum rau Keeb Kwm ntawm Plastics tau hais tias: “Muaj ob yam uas ua rau kev tsim cov yas.Ib qho yog kev ntshaw kom tau nyiaj, thiab lwm yam yog kev ua tsov ua rog. "Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog xyoo tom ntej uas tau ua cov yas tiag Finney.Chell hu nws lub cim ntawm "xyoo pua ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws."Nyob rau xyoo 1950, cov thawv ntim khoom noj yas yas, jugs, xab npum thawv thiab lwm yam khoom siv hauv tsev tau tshwm sim;Hauv xyoo 1960, cov rooj zaum inflatable tau tshwm sim.Nyob rau xyoo 1970, cov kws tshawb fawb ib puag ncig tau taw qhia tias cov yas tsis tuaj yeem degrade los ntawm lawv tus kheej.Tib neeg txoj kev txaus siab rau cov khoom yas tau poob qis.
Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau xyoo 1980 thiab 1990, vim qhov kev thov loj rau cov yas hauv kev lag luam tsheb thiab khoos phis tawj, plastics ntxiv rau lawv txoj haujlwm.Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tsis lees paub qhov teeb meem zoo tib yam no.Tsib caug xyoo dhau los, lub ntiaj teb no tsuas tsim tau kaum txhiab tons ntawm yas txhua xyoo;niaj hnub no, lub ntiaj teb cov khoom yas txhua xyoo ntau tshaj 100 lab tons.Kev tsim cov yas txhua xyoo hauv Tebchaws Meskas tshaj li kev tsim cov hlau, txhuas thiab tooj liab.
Cov yas tshiabnrog novelty tseem raug tshawb pom.Williamson ntawm Lub Koom Haum rau Keeb Kwm ntawm Plastics tau hais tias: "Cov kws tsim qauv thiab cov neeg tsim khoom yuav siv cov yas hauv xyoo txhiab xyoo tom ntej.Tsis muaj tsev neeg cov khoom zoo li yas uas tso cai rau cov neeg tsim khoom thiab cov neeg tsim khoom ua kom tiav lawv cov khoom ntawm tus nqi qis heev.tsim tawm.