1. Siv kev faib tawm

Raws li kev siv cov yam ntxwv sib txawv ntawm ntau yam yas, cov yas feem ntau muab faib ua peb hom: cov yas dav dav, cov yas yas thiab cov yas tshwj xeeb.

① General yas

Feem ntau hais txog cov yas nrog cov zis loj, daim ntawv thov dav, zoo formability thiab tus nqi qis.Muaj tsib hom plastics, xws li polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS) thiab acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS).Cov tsib hom yas no suav nrog feem ntau ntawm cov khoom siv yas, thiab cov seem tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov yas tshwj xeeb, xws li: PPS, PPO, PA, PC, POM, thiab lwm yam, lawv tau siv hauv cov khoom siv niaj hnub. tsawg heev, feem ntau Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv high-end teb xws li engineering kev lag luam thiab lub teb chaws tiv thaiv technology, xws li tsheb, aerospace, kev tsim kho, thiab kev sib txuas lus.Raws li nws qhov kev faib tawm plasticity, cov yas tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov thermoplastics thiab thermosetting plastics.Raws li ib txwm muaj, cov khoom siv thermoplastic tuaj yeem rov ua dua tshiab, thaum cov thermosetting plastics tsis tuaj yeem.Raws li cov khoom siv kho qhov muag ntawm cov yas, lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua pob tshab, translucent thiab opaque raw cov ntaub ntawv, xws li PS, PMMA, AS, PC, thiab lwm yam uas yog pob tshab yas, Thiab feem ntau lwm cov yas yog opaque plastics.

Cov khoom thiab kev siv ntawm cov yas siv feem ntau:

1. Polyethylene:

Feem ntau siv polyethylene tuaj yeem muab faib ua low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE) thiab linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE).Ntawm peb, HDPE muaj cov thermal zoo dua, hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab, thaum LDPE thiab LLDPE muaj qhov hloov tau zoo dua, cov khoom cuam tshuam, cov khoom ua yeeb yaj kiab, thiab lwm yam. LDPE thiab LLDPE feem ntau yog siv rau hauv ntim cov yeeb yaj kiab, cov yeeb yaj kiab ua liaj ua teb, kev hloov kho yas, thiab lwm yam. , thaum HDPE muaj ntau yam kev siv, xws li cov yeeb yaj kiab, kav dej, thiab kev txhaj tshuaj txhua hnub.

2. Polypropylene:

Hais txog kev hais lus, polypropylene muaj ntau ntau yam, ntau txoj kev siv, thiab ntau thaj chaw.Cov ntau yam muaj xws li homopolymer polypropylene (homopp), thaiv copolymer polypropylene (copp) thiab random copolymer polypropylene (rapp).Raws li daim ntawv thov Homopolymerization yog tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm hlau kos duab, fiber ntau, txhaj tshuaj, BOPP zaj duab xis, thiab lwm yam. Copolymer polypropylene yog tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv hauv tsev txhaj tshuaj, hloov raw khoom, niaj hnub txhaj tshuaj, kav, thiab lwm yam., thiab random. polypropylene feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov khoom pob tshab, cov khoom ua tau zoo, cov kav dej ua tau zoo, thiab lwm yam.

3. Polyvinyl chloride:

Vim nws tus nqi qis thiab nws tus kheej nplaim taws retardant zog, nws muaj ntau yam kev siv hauv kev tsim kho, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov kav dej phwj, cov qhov rooj yas steel thiab qhov rais, daim hlau, tawv tawv, thiab lwm yam.

4. Polystyrene:

Raws li ib yam ntawm cov khoom siv pob tshab, thaum xav tau pob tshab, nws muaj ntau yam kev siv, xws li tsheb teeb pom kev zoo, cov pob tshab txhua hnub, pob tshab khob, cov kaus poom, thiab lwm yam.

5. ABS:

Nws yog ntau yam engineering yas nrog zoo heev lub cev mechanical thiab thermal zog.Nws yog dav siv hauv cov khoom siv hauv tsev, vaj huam sib luag, qhov ncauj qhov ntswg, sib dhos, khoom siv, thiab lwm yam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov khoom siv hauv tsev, xws li tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws, cua txias, tub yees, kiv cua hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam. Nws yog qhov loj heev thiab muaj ntau yam kev siv hauv tsev. kev hloov kho yas.

②Engineering yas

Feem ntau yog hais txog cov yas uas tuaj yeem tiv taus ib qho kev quab yuam sab nraud, muaj cov khoom siv zoo, siab thiab tsis kub tsis kam, thiab muaj qhov ruaj khov zoo, thiab tuaj yeem siv los ua cov qauv engineering, xws li polyamide thiab polysulfone.Nyob rau hauv engineering plastics, nws muab faib ua ob pawg: general engineering plastics thiab tshwj xeeb engineering plastics.Engineering plastics tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntau dua ntawm cov khoom siv kho tshuab, ua haujlwm ntev, tiv thaiv corrosion, thiab kub ua haujlwm, thiab lawv yooj yim dua rau kev ua haujlwm thiab tuaj yeem hloov cov ntaub ntawv hlau.Engineering plastics tau dav siv hauv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob, tsheb, kev tsim kho, khoom siv hauv chaw ua haujlwm, tshuab, aerospace thiab lwm yam lag luam.Hloov cov yas rau hlau thiab yas rau ntoo tau dhau los ua kev sib tw thoob ntiaj teb.

General engineering plastics muaj xws li: polyamide, polyoxymethylene, polycarbonate, hloov polyphenylene ether, thermoplastic polyester, ultra-siab molecular hnyav polyethylene, methylpentene polymer, vinyl cawv copolymer, thiab lwm yam.

Tshwj xeeb engineering plastics tau muab faib ua cov sib txuas sib txuas thiab tsis sib txuas.Cov kab txuas txuas yog: polyamino bismaleamide, polytriazine, cross-linked polyimide, kub-resistant epoxy resin thiab lwm yam.Tsis yog-crosslinked hom yog: polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyimide, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) thiab lwm yam.

③ Cov yas tshwj xeeb

Feem ntau yog hais txog cov yas uas muaj lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb thiab tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov ntawv tshwj xeeb xws li aviation thiab aerospace.Piv txwv li, fluoroplastics thiab silicones muaj qhov kub thiab txias tsis kam, nws tus kheej lubricating thiab lwm yam haujlwm tshwj xeeb, thiab cov khoom siv ntxiv thiab cov yas foamed muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb xws li siab zog thiab siab cushioning.Cov plastics no yog nyob rau hauv qeb ntawm cov yas tshwj xeeb.

a.Reinforced yas:

Reinforced yas raw cov ntaub ntawv yuav muab faib ua granular (xws li calcium yas reinforced yas), fiber (xws li iav fiber los yog iav ntaub reinforced yas), thiab flake (xws li mica reinforced yas) nyob rau hauv tsos.Raws li cov khoom siv, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov ntaub qhwv cov ntaub (xws li rag reinforced lossis asbestos reinforced plastics), inorganic ntxhia ntim cov yas (xws li quartz lossis mica puv plastics), thiab fiber reinforced plastics (xws li carbon fiber reinforced. yas).

b.Ua npuas ncauj:

Ua npuas ncauj yas tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb hom: nruj, semi-rigid thiab hloov tau yooj yim foams.Rigid ua npuas ncauj tsis muaj qhov yooj, thiab nws cov compression hardness yog loj heev.Nws yuav deform tsuas yog thaum nws ncav cuag ib qho kev ntxhov siab tus nqi thiab tsis tuaj yeem rov qab mus rau nws lub xeev qub tom qab qhov kev ntxhov siab tau txo qis.Flexible foam yog hloov tau, nrog tsawg compression hardness, thiab yooj yim rau deform.Restore lub qub lub xeev, cov residual deformation yog me me;qhov yooj thiab lwm yam khoom ntawm lub semi-rigid ua npuas ncauj yog nruab nrab ntawm cov tawv thiab mos foams.

Ob, kev faib lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg

Raws li cov khoom sib txawv ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm ntau yam yas, cov yas tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob hom: thermosetting plastics thiab thermoplastic plastics.

(1) Thermoplastic

Thermoplastics (Thermo plastics): yog hais txog cov yas uas yuav yaj tom qab cua sov, tuaj yeem ntws mus rau hauv pwm tom qab txias, thiab tom qab ntawd yaj tom qab cua sov;cua sov thiab cua txias tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov kev hloov pauv rov qab (kua ← → khoom), yog Qhov kev hloov pauv lub cev.General-purpose thermoplastics muaj kev siv tsis tu ncua kub hauv qab 100 ° C.Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, thiab polystyrene kuj hu ua plaub lub hom phiaj plastics.Thermoplastic plastics muab faib ua hydrocarbons, vinyls nrog polar noob, engineering, cellulose thiab lwm yam.Nws ua mos thaum rhuab, thiab ua nyuaj thaum txias.Nws tuaj yeem rov softened thiab hardened thiab tuav ib tug tej yam zoo li.Nws yog soluble hauv qee cov kuab tshuaj thiab muaj cov cuab yeej ntawm meltable thiab soluble.Cov thermoplastics muaj cov rwb thaiv tsev zoo heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) tsis tshua muaj dielectric tsis tu ncua thiab dielectric poob.Rau high zaus thiab high voltage rwb thaiv tsev cov ntaub ntawv.Thermoplastics yog ib qho yooj yim rau pwm thiab txheej txheem, tab sis muaj cua sov tsis kam thiab yooj yim rau nkag.Qhov degree ntawm creep txawv nrog load, ib puag ncig kub, hnyav, thiab av noo.Txhawm rau kov yeej cov tsis muaj zog ntawm cov thermoplastics no thiab ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov ntawv thov hauv thaj chaw thev naus laus zis thiab kev txhim kho lub zog tshiab, txhua lub teb chaws tab tom tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob kub uas tuaj yeem yaj tau, xws li polyether ether ketone (PEEK) thiab polyether sulfone ( PES)., Polyarylsulfone (PASU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), thiab lwm yam. Cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw siv lawv li matrix resins muaj cov khoom siv ntau dua thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tuaj yeem ua cov thermoformed thiab welded, thiab muaj zog interlaminar shear zoo dua li epoxy resins.Piv txwv li, siv polyether ether ketone ua cov matrix resin thiab carbon fiber los ua cov khoom sib xyaw, qhov qaug zog tsis kam tshaj li ntawm epoxy / carbon fiber.Nws muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo, kev nkag siab zoo ntawm chav tsev kub, thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo.Nws tuaj yeem siv tsis tu ncua ntawm 240-270 ° C.Nws yog ib qho zoo tagnrho high-temperature insulation khoom.Cov khoom sib xyaw ua los ntawm polyethersulfone ua cov matrix resin thiab carbon fiber muaj lub zog siab thiab hardness ntawm 200 ° C, thiab tuaj yeem tswj tau qhov cuam tshuam zoo ntawm -100 ° C;nws yog non-toxic, non-flammable, tsawg pa luam yeeb, thiab hluav taws xob tsis kam.Zoo, nws yuav tsum tau siv los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub dav hlau, thiab nws tuaj yeem raug molded rau hauv radome, thiab lwm yam.

Formaldehyde cross-linked plastics suav nrog phenolic plastics, amino plastics (xws li urea-formaldehyde-melamine-formaldehyde, thiab lwm yam).Lwm cov khoom sib txuas sib txuas muaj xws li cov polyesters tsis muaj dej, epoxy resins, thiab phthalic diallyl resins.

(2) Thermosetting yas

Thermosetting plastics xa mus rau cov yas uas tuaj yeem kho tau thaum tshav kub lossis lwm yam kev mob lossis muaj cov yam ntxwv tsis zoo (melting), xws li phenolic plastics, epoxy plastics, thiab lwm yam. Thermosetting plastics tau muab faib ua formaldehyde cross-linked type thiab lwm yam sib txuas sib txuas.Tom qab thermal ua thiab molding, ib qho infusible thiab insoluble kho cov khoom yog tsim, thiab cov resin molecules yog cross-linked rau hauv ib tug network qauv los ntawm ib tug linear qauv.Thaum tshav kub kub yuav decompose thiab puas.Cov thermosetting yas xws li phenolic, epoxy, amino, unsaturated polyester, furan, polysiloxane thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv, nrog rau cov yas tshiab dua polydipropylene phthalate.Lawv muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev kub siab ua haujlwm thiab ua haujlwm rau deformation thaum rhuab.Qhov tsis zoo yog tias lub zog txhua yam feem ntau tsis siab, tab sis cov khoom siv dag zog tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm kev ntxiv cov fillers los ua cov ntaub ntawv laminated lossis cov ntaub ntawv molded.

Thermosetting plastics ua los ntawm phenolic resin ua cov khoom siv tseem ceeb, xws li phenolic molded yas (feem ntau hu ua Bakelite), muaj zog, ruaj khov, thiab tiv taus lwm yam tshuaj tshwj tsis yog muaj zog alkalis.Ntau cov fillers thiab additives tuaj yeem muab ntxiv raws li kev siv sib txawv thiab kev xav tau.Rau ntau yam uas xav tau kev ua haujlwm siab rwb thaiv tsev, mica lossis iav fiber ntau tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom ntim;rau ntau yam uas yuav tsum tau ua kom sov, asbestos lossis lwm yam khoom siv cua sov tuaj yeem siv tau;rau ntau yam uas xav tau seismic tsis kam, ntau cov fibers uas tsim nyog lossis roj hmab tuaj yeem siv los ua cov fillers Thiab qee cov tshuaj toughening los ua cov ntaub ntawv muaj zog.Tsis tas li ntawd, kev hloov kho phenolic resins xws li aniline, epoxy, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, thiab polyvinyl acetal kuj tseem siv tau los ua kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm kev siv sib txawv.Phenolic resins kuj tseem siv tau los ua phenolic laminates, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab, muaj zog hluav taws xob zoo, tiv thaiv corrosion, thiab ua haujlwm yooj yim.Lawv tau siv dav hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsawg.

Aminoplasts suav nrog urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, urea melamine formaldehyde thiab lwm yam.Lawv muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev ntxhib los mos, khawb tsis kam, tsis muaj xim, translucent, thiab lwm yam. Ntxiv cov ntaub ntawv xim tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom muaj yeeb yuj, feem ntau hu ua hluav taws xob jade.Vim tias nws tiv taus roj thiab tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm qaug zog alkalis thiab cov kuab tshuaj organic (tab sis tsis yog acid resistant), nws tuaj yeem siv tau ntawm 70 ° C rau lub sijhawm ntev, thiab tuaj yeem tiv taus 110 txog 120 ° C hauv lub sijhawm luv, thiab tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.Melamine-formaldehyde yas muaj zog dua li urea-formaldehyde yas, thiab muaj dej zoo dua, tiv taus kub, thiab arc kuj.Nws tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv arc-resistant insulating.

Muaj ntau ntau hom thermosetting yas ua nrog epoxy resin ua cov khoom siv tseem ceeb, cov uas muaj li 90% yog raws li bisphenol A epoxy resin.Nws muaj adhesion zoo heev, hluav taws xob rwb thaiv tsev, kub tsis kam thiab tshuaj lom neeg ruaj khov, tsis tshua muaj shrinkage thiab dej nqus, thiab zoo txhua yam muaj zog.

Ob qho tib si unsaturated polyester thiab epoxy resin tuaj yeem ua rau FRP, uas muaj lub zog zoo heev.Piv txwv li, iav fiber reinforced yas ua los ntawm unsaturated polyester muaj zoo mechanical zog thiab tsawg ntom (tsuas yog 1/5 mus rau 1/4 ntawm hlau, 1/2 ntawm txhuas), thiab yog ib qho yooj yim rau txheej txheem rau ntau yam hluav taws xob.Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv ntawm cov yas ua los ntawm dipropylene phthalate resin zoo dua li cov phenolic thiab amino thermosetting plastics.Nws muaj tsawg hygroscopicity, ruaj khov khoom loj, zoo molding kev ua tau zoo, acid thiab alkali tsis kam, boiling dej thiab ib co organic solvents.Lub molding compound yog tsim rau kev tsim khoom nrog cov qauv complex, kub tsis kam thiab siab rwb thaiv tsev.Feem ntau, nws tuaj yeem siv tau ntev hauv qhov kub thiab txias ntawm -60 ~ 180 ℃, thiab qib cua sov tuaj yeem ncav cuag qib F txog qib H, uas yog siab tshaj qhov kub tsis kam ntawm phenolic thiab amino plastics.

Silicone plastics nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm polysiloxane qauv yog dav siv nyob rau hauv electronics thiab hluav taws xob technology.Silicone laminated plastics feem ntau yog siv nrog iav ntaub;silicone molded plastics feem ntau yog ntim nrog iav fiber ntau thiab asbestos, uas yog siv los tsim cov khoom uas tiv taus kub, siab zaus los yog submersible motors, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.Hom yas no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm nws qhov qis dielectric tas li thiab tus nqi tgδ, thiab tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm zaus.Nws yog siv hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob los tiv thaiv corona thiab arcs.Txawm hais tias qhov paug ua rau decomposition, cov khoom yog silicon dioxide es tsis txhob siv cov pa roj carbon dub..Cov khoom siv no muaj qhov ua kom sov zoo thiab tuaj yeem siv tsis tu ncua ntawm 250 ° C.Lub ntsiab tsis zoo ntawm polysilicon yog tsis tshua muaj neeg kho tshuab lub zog, tsis muaj adhesiveness thiab tsis zoo roj kuj.Ntau yam hloov kho silicone polymers tau tsim, xws li polyester hloov silicone plastics thiab tau siv hauv tshuab hluav taws xob.Qee cov yas yog ob qho tib si thermoplastic thiab thermosetting yas.Piv txwv li, polyvinyl chloride feem ntau yog cov thermoplastic.Nyiv tau tsim ib hom tshiab ntawm cov kua polyvinyl chloride uas yog thermoset thiab muaj molding kub ntawm 60 mus rau 140 ° C.Ib lub yas hu ua Lundex hauv Tebchaws Meskas muaj ob qho tib si thermoplastic processing Features, thiab lub cev khoom ntawm thermosetting plastics.

① Hydrocarbon plastics.

Nws yog cov yas tsis-polar, uas tau muab faib ua crystalline thiab non-crystalline.Crystalline hydrocarbon plastics muaj xws li polyethylene, polypropylene, thiab lwm yam, thiab cov yas tsis-crystalline hydrocarbon muaj xws li polystyrene, thiab lwm yam.

② Cov yas yas uas muaj cov noob caj noob ces.

Tsuas yog cov fluoroplastics, feem ntau ntawm lawv yog cov tsis-crystalline pob tshab lub cev, suav nrog polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl acetate, thiab lwm yam. Feem ntau cov vinyl monomers tuaj yeem ua polymerized nrog radical catalysts.

③ Thermoplastic engineering plastics.

Feem ntau muaj xws li polyoxymethylene, polyamide, polycarbonate, ABS, polyphenylene ether, polyethylene terephthalate, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide, thiab lwm yam Polytetrafluoroethylene.Hloov kho polypropylene, thiab lwm yam kuj muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam no.

④ Thermoplastic cellulose plastics.

Nws feem ntau suav nrog cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellophane, cellophane thiab lwm yam.

Peb tuaj yeem siv tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv yas saum toj no.
Raws li ib txwm muaj, cov zaub mov-qib PP thiab kev kho mob-qib PP yog siv rau cov khoom zoo sib xwsdiav. Lub pipetteyog ua los ntawm cov khoom siv HDPE, thiab covcevfeem ntau yog ua los ntawm qib kho mob PP lossis PS cov ntaub ntawv.Peb tseem muaj ntau yam khoom, siv cov khoom sib txawv, vim peb yog ibpwmtus tsim, yuav luag txhua yam khoom yas tuaj yeem tsim tau